李柏聖

馬丁?萊恩斯(Martyn

Lyons)
細明體;mso-bidi-font-family:細明體;color:#212121">

圖書歷史專家，生於倫敦，就讀牛津大學，現任澳洲雪梨新南威爾斯大學歷史與哲學學院教授，並在法國、英格蘭、巴西和西班牙擔任客座教職。曾發表大量與圖書與閱讀相關的著作，包括《十九世紀法國的閱讀人口與社會：勞工、婦女與農民》（
細明體;mso-bidi-font-family:細明體;color:#212121;mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;mso-ansi-language:

EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">Readers and Society

in Nineteenth-Century France: Workers, Women, Peasants，
細明體;color:#212121;mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:

ZH-TW;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">2001年出版）、《散文與個人故事：歐洲十九世紀到二十世紀初的書寫實踐》（
細明體;mso-bidi-font-family:細明體;color:#212121;mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;mso-ansi-language:

EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">Ordinary Writings,

Personal Narratives: Writing Practices in 19th-and Early 20th-Century Europe，
細明體;color:#212121;mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:

ZH-TW;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">2007年出版）。

"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">目錄

"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">前言：書的力量與魔法 7

"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:#222222;

mso-font-kerning:0pt">第一章
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:#222222;mso-font-kerning:0pt">古典與中世紀世界 14

"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:#222222;

mso-font-kerning:0pt">美索不達米亞 16
mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";

color:#222222;mso-font-kerning:0pt">古代中國 18
"Times New Roman";color:#222222;mso-font-kerning:0pt">莎草紙、羊皮紙和紙 21
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:#222222;mso-font-kerning:0pt">古代希臘23
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:#222222;mso-font-kerning:0pt">亞力山卓大圖書館 26
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:#222222;mso-font-kerning:0pt">古代羅馬 28
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:#222222;mso-font-kerning:0pt">日本折本與《源氏物語》 30
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:#222222;mso-font-kerning:0pt">古代佛經 32
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">從紙卷到抄本 35
"Times New Roman"">修道院圖書館 38
mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">抄書員的生活

41
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">《凱爾經》 43
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">時禱書 45
"Times New Roman"">《古蘭經》與伊斯蘭世界 47
mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">希伯來之書 50

"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">第二章
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">印刷的新文化 54

"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">古騰堡與他的《聖經》 56
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">印刷員的工作流程 59
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">印刷征服世界 62
"Times New Roman"">拉丁文與方言 65
mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">路德的《聖經》 68
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">科學革命之書 71
"Times New Roman"">地圖集與製圖法 73
mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">印刷品 75
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">阿爾杜斯?馬努提烏斯與經典作品 77
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">埃爾澤維與「荷蘭奇蹟」 79
"Times New Roman"">克里斯多夫?普蘭汀的多語《聖經》 81
mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">宗教裁判所與《禁書目錄》 83
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">中美洲的抄本 84
"Times New Roman"">《唐吉訶德》 87
mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";

mso-ansi-language:ES;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">死亡的藝術：教人如何死亡的書 90
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:ES;mso-bidi-font-weight:

bold">寓意畫集 92

"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">第三章
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">啟蒙時代與閱讀大眾 94

mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">西方社會的文字素養 96
"Times New Roman"">印刷舖的演進 99
mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">啟蒙時代的審查制度 101
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:#222222;mso-font-kerning:0pt">禁書 103
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">追求利潤 104
"Times New Roman"">狄德羅的《百科全書》 107
mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">製書技藝 110
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">羅馬字體與歌德字體 113
"Times New Roman"">著作權之爭 116
mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">暢銷全球的《天路歷程》 118
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">小書 121
"Times New Roman"">年曆 123
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">暢銷作家華特?
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">史考特 125
"Times New Roman"">歐洲以外的書市 128

mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">第四章出版商崛起 130

mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">印刷的機械化 132
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">十九世紀的書籍插圖繪者135
"Times New Roman"">出版商的角色 138
mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">著作權與版稅 141
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">書店興起 144
"Times New Roman"">流通圖書館與公共圖書館 147
mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">格林兄弟的世界 151
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">每月小說 153
"Times New Roman"">廉價小說 156
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">俄國盧布克 158
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">日本浮世繪 160
"Times New Roman"">通俗小說的能手 163

mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">第五章知識的普及化 166

mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">新科技 168
"Times New Roman"">對百科全書的浪漫情懷 170
mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">企鵝圖書與平裝書革命 173
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">威瑪德國的消費文化 175
"Times New Roman"">羅曼史小說：米爾斯與布恩 177
mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">日本漫畫 180
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">當代阿拉伯世界 182
"Times New Roman"">諾貝爾文學獎 184
mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";

color:#222222;mso-font-kerning:0pt">兒
mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">童讀物 186
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">書籍插畫與設計 190
"Times New Roman"">圖文書 193
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">全球媒體 197
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">全球化與文化身分 199
"Times New Roman"">書的敵人 200
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">電子書 204
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一波又一波的數位化浪潮

206

mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">結語：書的新時代 208

mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">名詞解釋 214

圖片來源 218

書店興起

19
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">世紀晚期，要買書有許多管道。傳統書店只是其中之一；其他商店則賣書兼賣食品雜貨、五金或服飾用品。在新英格蘭，雜貨店一般會有幾本《詩篇》選本和祈禱書出售。西班牙文讀者可以在街頭書報攤買到分冊出售的最新小說，還有像米蘭街頭稱為banchi
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">的攤販銷售版畫、日曆、曆書與宗教小冊子給行人。流動小販在攜帶的一簍簍各色物品中也會放入幾本書。儘管如此，愈來愈多專門賣書的書店在小鎮與郊區出現，推廣了閱讀習慣，也將大眾整合為一個主流的大都會文化體。

mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">賣書仍是受管制的行業。1848
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">年以前，奧地利首相克萊門斯?
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">梅特涅（Klemens

von Metternich
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">）試圖在德國與奧地利帝國施行審查制度，在此制度下，出版與販賣未經核准的文學作品都有招致罰鍰與入獄的風險。在法國，在拿破崙於1810
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">年創立的制度下，想成為書籍銷售商的人必須申請執照（稱為brevet
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">），提供四名由當地市長認證、可證實他品行端正的保證人，以及四份他具有執行這份工作所需專業能力的證言。如果申請通過，這名新的銷售商還必須宣誓效忠政府。政府必須知道新的書店不會成為散播顛覆性出版品的中心，也有足夠的資本能夠獲得商業上的成功。執照制度一直到1870
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">年才放寬。

mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在西方，書店密度穩定成長。以德國為例，1895
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">年時，每1
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">萬居民有一間零售書店，到了1910
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">年，已經成為每8743
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">名居民有一間書店。不意外的，最大城市的人均書店比鄉村和偏遠地區的多：1913
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">年，每3700
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">名柏林人就有一間書店，而萊比錫在1910
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">年的人均書店更驚人，每1700
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">人就有一間書店。書店數量的增加對於建立全國性的文學文化不可或缺。史上第一次，所有的老百姓都可以買到同樣的流行書籍，從廣為人知的教義問答到《三劍客》（The Three Musketeers
mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">）這樣的小說皆然。

"Times New Roman"">同樣在19
"Times New Roman"">世紀，鐵路書報攤將書本與報紙帶給了新的而且為數更多的消費者。W?H
新細明體">?
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">史密斯（W. H.

Smith
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">，1825-91
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">）於1848
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">年在倫敦的尤斯敦車站（Euston

Station
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">）成立了第一個火車站書報攤。路易?
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">阿歇特（Louis

Hachette
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">）在1852
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">年以鐵路圖書館（Bibliothèques des Chemins de Fer
"Times New Roman"">）跟進，並在法國政府同意下獨占火車站的書籍販售生意。今天，阿歇特仍擁有法國火車站的連鎖書報攤「赫雷」（Relais
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">）

兒童文學

mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">最早專為兒童所出版的圖書都是教育讀本、行為指南和簡單的識字書，並且往往飾以動植物圖案和擬人化的字母。直到19
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">世紀以前，英語國家的兒童往往都是從「角帖書」（horn-book
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">）學識字的，這是一種小型帶短柄的木片，上面有一張紙，由一層透明的薄角片保護。紙上的內容通常是26
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">個英文字母，基本的雙字母音節清單，以及一篇祈禱文，如〈主禱文〉。早期的識字讀本往往有一幅卷首插畫，描繪小男孩或小女孩坐在媽媽膝上學認字：直到19
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">世紀晚期，兒童習得早期識字能力的環境通常都是家中，不是學校。

mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在19
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">世紀，少數兒童讀物因為成為學校閱讀教材而享有盛名。其中包括伊索寓言與尚?
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">德
mso-bidi-font-family:新細明體">?
mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">拉封丹（Jean de la Fontaine
mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">，1621-95
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">）的寓言故事，以及許多在19
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">世紀初期演變為「童話故事」（fairy tale
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">）的民間故事。另一個早期極具影響力的兒童故事集是夏爾?
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">佩羅（Charles

Perrault
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">）1697
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">年的《鵝媽媽故事集》（Tales of Mother Goose
mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">），這本書被視為童話故事文類的奠基之作。

mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">這些早期文集受到歡迎的程度，啟發了不少19
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">世紀的兒童奇幻與童話故事，主題包括有魔法的物品和會說話的動物等等。漢斯?
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">克里斯汀?
mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">安徒生（Hans Christian Andersen
mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">）的《童話故事集》（Fairy Tales
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">）是一系列原創兒童故事，包括〈小美人魚〉與〈豌豆公主〉等已成現代經典的童話故事，於1835
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">至45
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">年間陸續出版，並逐漸蜚聲國際。1865
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">年，路易斯?
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">卡羅（Lewis

Carroll
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">）的《愛麗絲夢遊仙境》出版後旋即獲得好評；卡洛?
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">科洛迪（Carlo

Collodi
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">）的《木偶奇遇記》（Avventure

di Pinocchio
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">，1886
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">）先是在義大利暢銷的連載作品，然後才以單行本形式風行全球。連阿思緹?
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">林格倫（Astrid

Lindgren
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">）在20
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">世紀寫成的《長襪皮皮》，都有許多地方受到童話與民間故事文類的影響，書中滑稽而充滿奇想的故事以一名調皮的紅髮女孩為主角，她擁有超人的力氣與用不完的財富，得以超越一般瑞典小孩生活中的限制。

19
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">世紀晚期與20
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">世紀初期出現了一批兒童小說，劇情寫實，無涉魔法，以年輕的主角為中心。在國際上獲得成功的作品包括羅伯特?
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">路易斯?
mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">史蒂文森（Robert Louis Stevenson
mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">）的《金銀島》（Treasure Island
mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">，1883
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">），L
新細明體">?M
mso-bidi-font-family:新細明體">?
mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">蒙哥馬利（L. M. Montgomery
mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">）的《清秀佳人》（Ann of Green Gables
mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">，1908
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">），與露意莎?
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">梅
mso-bidi-font-family:新細明體">?
mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">奧爾柯特（Louisa May Alcott
mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">）的《小婦人》（Little Women
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">，1869
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">），都被翻譯成數十種語言。在1890
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">到1930
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">年之間，兒童文學成為圖書市場不可或缺的一部分。出版社開始有兒童文學編輯，公立圖書館也開設專供擺放童書的閱覽室。

mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">童書是現代出版商重要且獲利豐厚的市場：20
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">世紀的閱讀民調顯示，不論男女，閱讀的巔峰期都在大約12
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">、13
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">歲之時。在與其他媒體的競爭上，兒童圖書也特別成功，展現出在較為沉穩嚴肅的成人圖書出版世界中缺少的創意。立體書，有多種不同結局的書，以及提供聲音及觸感的書本都吸引了兒童讀者的興趣。不過，J
新細明體">?K
mso-bidi-font-family:新細明體">?
mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">羅琳（J. K. Rowling
mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">）空前成功的哈利?
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">波特系列書籍（1997-2007
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">）則顯示，較為傳統的兒童文學形式如奇幻／童話故事與校園故事文類的魅力不減。哈利?
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">波特七本系列書籍據說讓出版商布鲁姆斯伯里（Bloomsbury
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">）賣出超過4
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">億本書，並且由時代華納拍成了賣座電影，讓作者羅琳在驚詫間於短短數年內成了億萬富翁。

兒童文學一直以來都吸引有創意的插畫家，他們的作品對刺激年輕讀者的想像力扮演了關鍵角色。以路易斯?卡羅的愛麗絲系列書籍為例，它們與政治漫畫家約翰?坦尼爾（John Tenniel）所繪的插畫之間就有著不可抹滅的連結。繪本書生產技術的進步，讓20世紀的插畫家得以創造出製作得美麗、多彩而豐富，有如藝術品的兒童書籍，從莫里斯?桑達克（Maurice Sendak）感動人心的《野獸國》（Where the Wild Things Are）到波蘭繪者、同時是舞台設計師的詹?平克斯（Jan Pienkowski）歡欣愉悅的《梅格與莫格》（Meg and Mog）系列。澳洲畫家陳志勇（Shaun Tan）畫筆下充滿奇想而讓人不安的世界，則不僅止於為印刷文字提供插畫，而是更進一步：他為《失物招領》（The Lost Thing，2000）與《別的國家都沒有》（Tales from Outer Suburbia，2008）所繪的插圖，即以言語溝通的不足為主題而發揮。